(* Title : Filter.ML ID : $Id: Filter.ML,v 1.6 1999/10/27 17:32:30 oheimb Exp $ Author : Jacques D. Fleuriot Copyright : 1998 University of Cambridge Description : Filters and Ultrafilter *) (*------------------------------------------------------------------ Properties of Filters and Freefilters - rules for intro, destruction etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goalw [is_Filter_def] "is_Filter X S ==> X <= Pow(S)"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "is_FilterD1"; Goalw [is_Filter_def] "is_Filter X S ==> X ~= {}"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "is_FilterD2"; Goalw [is_Filter_def] "is_Filter X S ==> {} ~: X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "is_FilterD3"; Goalw [Filter_def] "is_Filter X S ==> X : Filter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetI"; Goalw [Filter_def] "X : Filter S ==> is_Filter X S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetD"; Goal "X : Filter S ==> {} ~: X"; by (etac (mem_FiltersetD RS is_FilterD3) 1); qed "Filter_empty_not_mem"; bind_thm ("Filter_empty_not_memE",(Filter_empty_not_mem RS notE)); Goalw [Filter_def,is_Filter_def] "[| X: Filter S; A: X; B: X |] ==> A Int B : X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetD1"; Goalw [Filter_def,is_Filter_def] "[| X: Filter S; A: X; A <= B; B <= S|] ==> B : X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetD2"; Goalw [Filter_def,is_Filter_def] "[| X: Filter S; A: X |] ==> A : Pow S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetD3"; Goalw [Filter_def,is_Filter_def] "X: Filter S ==> S : X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FiltersetD4"; Goalw [is_Filter_def] "[| X <= Pow(S);\ \ S : X; \ \ X ~= {}; \ \ {} ~: X; \ \ ALL u: X. ALL v: X. u Int v : X; \ \ ALL u v. u: X & u<=v & v<=S --> v: X \ \ |] ==> is_Filter X S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "is_FilterI"; Goal "[| X <= Pow(S);\ \ S : X; \ \ X ~= {}; \ \ {} ~: X; \ \ ALL u: X. ALL v: X. u Int v : X; \ \ ALL u v. u: X & u<=v & v<=S --> v: X \ \ |] ==> X: Filter S"; by (blast_tac (claset() addIs [mem_FiltersetI,is_FilterI]) 1); qed "mem_FiltersetI2"; Goalw [is_Filter_def] "is_Filter X S ==> X <= Pow(S) & \ \ S : X & \ \ X ~= {} & \ \ {} ~: X & \ \ (ALL u: X. ALL v: X. u Int v : X) & \ \ (ALL u v. u: X & u <= v & v<=S --> v: X)"; by (Fast_tac 1); qed "is_FilterE_lemma"; Goalw [is_Filter_def] "X : Filter S ==> X <= Pow(S) &\ \ S : X & \ \ X ~= {} & \ \ {} ~: X & \ \ (ALL u: X. ALL v: X. u Int v : X) & \ \ (ALL u v. u: X & u <= v & v<=S --> v: X)"; by (etac (mem_FiltersetD RS is_FilterE_lemma) 1); qed "memFiltersetE_lemma"; Goalw [Filter_def,Freefilter_def] "X: Freefilter S ==> X: Filter S"; by (Fast_tac 1); qed "Freefilter_Filter"; Goalw [Freefilter_def] "X: Freefilter S ==> ALL y: X. ~finite(y)"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_Freefilter_not_finite"; Goal "[| X: Freefilter S; x: X |] ==> ~ finite x"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [mem_Freefilter_not_finite]) 1); qed "mem_FreefiltersetD1"; bind_thm ("mem_FreefiltersetE1", (mem_FreefiltersetD1 RS notE)); Goal "[| X: Freefilter S; finite x|] ==> x ~: X"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [mem_Freefilter_not_finite]) 1); qed "mem_FreefiltersetD2"; Goalw [Freefilter_def] "[| X: Filter S; ALL x. ~(x: X & finite x) |] ==> X: Freefilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FreefiltersetI1"; Goalw [Freefilter_def] "[| X: Filter S; ALL x. (x ~: X | ~ finite x) |] ==> X: Freefilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FreefiltersetI2"; Goal "[| X: Filter S; A: X; B: X |] ==> A Int B ~= {}"; by (forw_inst_tac [("A","A"),("B","B")] mem_FiltersetD1 1); by (auto_tac (claset() addSDs [Filter_empty_not_mem],simpset())); qed "Filter_Int_not_empty"; bind_thm ("Filter_Int_not_emptyE",(Filter_Int_not_empty RS notE)); (*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ultrafilters and Free ultrafilters ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "X : Ultrafilter S ==> X: Filter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "Ultrafilter_Filter"; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "X : Ultrafilter S ==> !A: Pow(S). A : X | S - A: X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_UltrafiltersetD2"; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "[|X : Ultrafilter S; A <= S; A ~: X |] ==> S - A: X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_UltrafiltersetD3"; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "[|X : Ultrafilter S; A <= S; S - A ~: X |] ==> A: X"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_UltrafiltersetD4"; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "[| X: Filter S; \ \ ALL A: Pow(S). A: X | S - A : X |] ==> X: Ultrafilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_UltrafiltersetI"; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def,FreeUltrafilter_def] "X: FreeUltrafilter S ==> X: Ultrafilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "FreeUltrafilter_Ultrafilter"; Goalw [FreeUltrafilter_def] "X: FreeUltrafilter S ==> ALL y: X. ~finite(y)"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FreeUltrafilter_not_finite"; Goal "[| X: FreeUltrafilter S; x: X |] ==> ~ finite x"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [mem_FreeUltrafilter_not_finite]) 1); qed "mem_FreeUltrafiltersetD1"; bind_thm ("mem_FreeUltrafiltersetE1", (mem_FreeUltrafiltersetD1 RS notE)); Goal "[| X: FreeUltrafilter S; finite x|] ==> x ~: X"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [mem_FreeUltrafilter_not_finite]) 1); qed "mem_FreeUltrafiltersetD2"; Goalw [FreeUltrafilter_def] "[| X: Ultrafilter S; \ \ ALL x. ~(x: X & finite x) |] ==> X: FreeUltrafilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FreeUltrafiltersetI1"; Goalw [FreeUltrafilter_def] "[| X: Ultrafilter S; \ \ ALL x. (x ~: X | ~ finite x) |] ==> X: FreeUltrafilter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_FreeUltrafiltersetI2"; Goalw [FreeUltrafilter_def,Freefilter_def,Ultrafilter_def] "(X: FreeUltrafilter S) = (X: Freefilter S & (ALL x:Pow(S). x: X | S - x: X))"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "FreeUltrafilter_iff"; (*------------------------------------------------------------------- A Filter F on S is an ultrafilter iff it is a maximal filter i.e. whenever G is a filter on I and F <= F then F = G --------------------------------------------------------------------*) (*--------------------------------------------------------------------- lemmas that shows existence of an extension to what was assumed to be a maximal filter. Will be used to derive contradiction in proof of property of ultrafilter ---------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goal "[| F ~= {}; A <= S |] ==> \ \ EX x. x: {X. X <= S & (EX f:F. A Int f <= X)}"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "lemma_set_extend"; Goal "a: X ==> X ~= {}"; by (Step_tac 1); qed "lemma_set_not_empty"; Goal "x Int F <= {} ==> F <= - x"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "lemma_empty_Int_subset_Compl"; Goalw [Filter_def,is_Filter_def] "[| F: Filter S; A ~: F; A <= S|] \ \ ==> ALL B. B ~: F | ~ B <= A"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "mem_Filterset_disjI"; Goal "F : Ultrafilter S ==> \ \ (F: Filter S & (ALL G: Filter S. F <= G --> F = G))"; by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [Ultrafilter_def])); by (dres_inst_tac [("x","x")] bspec 1); by (etac mem_FiltersetD3 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (dtac subsetD 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [Filter_Int_not_empty]) 1); qed "Ultrafilter_max_Filter"; (*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a very long and tedious proof; need to break it into parts. Have proof that {X. X <= S & (EX f: F. A Int f <= X)} is a filter as a lemma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goalw [Ultrafilter_def] "[| F: Filter S; \ \ ALL G: Filter S. F <= G --> F = G |] ==> F : Ultrafilter S"; by (Step_tac 1); by (rtac ccontr 1); by (forward_tac [mem_FiltersetD RS is_FilterD2] 1); by (forw_inst_tac [("x","{X. X <= S & (EX f: F. A Int f <= X)}")] bspec 1); by (EVERY1[rtac mem_FiltersetI2, Blast_tac, Asm_full_simp_tac]); by (blast_tac (claset() addDs [mem_FiltersetD3]) 1); by (etac (lemma_set_extend RS exE) 1); by (assume_tac 1 THEN etac lemma_set_not_empty 1); by (REPEAT(rtac ballI 2) THEN Asm_full_simp_tac 2); by (rtac conjI 2 THEN Blast_tac 2); by (REPEAT(etac conjE 2) THEN REPEAT(etac bexE 2)); by (res_inst_tac [("x","f Int fa")] bexI 2); by (etac mem_FiltersetD1 3); by (assume_tac 3 THEN assume_tac 3); by (Fast_tac 2); by (EVERY[REPEAT(rtac allI 2), rtac impI 2,Asm_full_simp_tac 2]); by (EVERY[REPEAT(etac conjE 2), etac bexE 2]); by (res_inst_tac [("x","f")] bexI 2); by (rtac subsetI 2); by (Fast_tac 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (Step_tac 2); by (Blast_tac 3); by (eres_inst_tac [("c","A")] equalityCE 3); by (REPEAT(Blast_tac 3)); by (dres_inst_tac [("A","xa")] mem_FiltersetD3 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (Blast_tac 2); by (dtac lemma_empty_Int_subset_Compl 1); by (EVERY1[ftac mem_Filterset_disjI , assume_tac, Fast_tac]); by (dtac mem_FiltersetD3 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("x","f")] spec 1); by (Blast_tac 1); qed "max_Filter_Ultrafilter"; Goal "(F : Ultrafilter S) = (F: Filter S & (ALL G: Filter S. F <= G --> F = G))"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSIs [Ultrafilter_max_Filter,max_Filter_Ultrafilter]) 1); qed "Ultrafilter_iff"; (*-------------------------------------------------------------------- A few properties of freefilters -------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goal "F1 Int F2 = ((F1 Int Y) Int F2) Un ((F2 Int (- Y)) Int F1)"; by (Auto_tac); qed "lemma_Compl_cancel_eq"; Goal "finite X ==> finite (X Int Y)"; by (etac (Int_lower1 RS finite_subset) 1); qed "finite_IntI1"; Goal "finite Y ==> finite (X Int Y)"; by (etac (Int_lower2 RS finite_subset) 1); qed "finite_IntI2"; Goal "[| finite (F1 Int Y); \ \ finite (F2 Int (- Y)) \ \ |] ==> finite (F1 Int F2)"; by (res_inst_tac [("Y1","Y")] (lemma_Compl_cancel_eq RS ssubst) 1); by (rtac finite_UnI 1); by (auto_tac (claset() addSIs [finite_IntI1,finite_IntI2],simpset())); qed "finite_Int_Compl_cancel"; Goal "U: Freefilter S ==> \ \ ~ (EX f1: U. EX f2: U. finite (f1 Int x) \ \ & finite (f2 Int (- x)))"; by (Step_tac 1); by (forw_inst_tac [("A","f1"),("B","f2")] (Freefilter_Filter RS mem_FiltersetD1) 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("x","f1 Int f2")] mem_FreefiltersetD1 3); by (dtac finite_Int_Compl_cancel 4); by (Auto_tac); qed "Freefilter_lemma_not_finite"; (* the lemmas below follow *) Goal "U: Freefilter S ==> \ \ ALL f: U. ~ finite (f Int x) | ~finite (f Int (- x))"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [Freefilter_lemma_not_finite,bspec]) 1); qed "Freefilter_Compl_not_finite_disjI"; Goal "U: Freefilter S ==> \ \ (ALL f: U. ~ finite (f Int x)) | (ALL f:U. ~finite (f Int (- x)))"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [Freefilter_lemma_not_finite,bspec]) 1); qed "Freefilter_Compl_not_finite_disjI2"; Goal "- UNIV = {}"; by (Auto_tac ); qed "Compl_UNIV_eq"; Addsimps [Compl_UNIV_eq]; Goal "- {} = UNIV"; by (Auto_tac ); qed "Compl_empty_eq"; Addsimps [Compl_empty_eq]; val [prem] = goal thy "~ finite (UNIV:: 'a set) ==> \ \ {A:: 'a set. finite (- A)} : Filter UNIV"; by (cut_facts_tac [prem] 1); by (rtac mem_FiltersetI2 1); by (auto_tac (claset(), simpset() delsimps [Collect_empty_eq])); by (eres_inst_tac [("c","UNIV")] equalityCE 1); by (Auto_tac); by (etac (Compl_anti_mono RS finite_subset) 1); by (assume_tac 1); qed "cofinite_Filter"; Goal "~finite(UNIV :: 'a set) ==> ~finite (X :: 'a set) | ~finite (- X)"; by (dres_inst_tac [("A1","X")] (Compl_partition RS ssubst) 1); by (Asm_full_simp_tac 1); qed "not_finite_UNIV_disjI"; Goal "[| ~finite(UNIV :: 'a set); \ \ finite (X :: 'a set) \ \ |] ==> ~finite (- X)"; by (dres_inst_tac [("X","X")] not_finite_UNIV_disjI 1); by (Blast_tac 1); qed "not_finite_UNIV_Compl"; val [prem] = goal thy "~ finite (UNIV:: 'a set) ==> \ \ !X: {A:: 'a set. finite (- A)}. ~ finite X"; by (cut_facts_tac [prem] 1); by (auto_tac (claset() addDs [not_finite_UNIV_disjI],simpset())); qed "mem_cofinite_Filter_not_finite"; val [prem] = goal thy "~ finite (UNIV:: 'a set) ==> \ \ {A:: 'a set. finite (- A)} : Freefilter UNIV"; by (cut_facts_tac [prem] 1); by (rtac mem_FreefiltersetI2 1); by (rtac cofinite_Filter 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (blast_tac (claset() addSDs [mem_cofinite_Filter_not_finite]) 1); qed "cofinite_Freefilter"; Goal "UNIV - x = - x"; by (Auto_tac); qed "UNIV_diff_Compl"; Addsimps [UNIV_diff_Compl]; Goalw [Ultrafilter_def,FreeUltrafilter_def] "[| ~finite(UNIV :: 'a set); (U :: 'a set set): FreeUltrafilter UNIV\ \ |] ==> {X. finite(- X)} <= U"; by (ftac cofinite_Filter 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (forw_inst_tac [("X","- x :: 'a set")] not_finite_UNIV_Compl 1); by (assume_tac 1); by (Step_tac 1 THEN Fast_tac 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("x","x")] bspec 1); by (Blast_tac 1); by (asm_full_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [UNIV_diff_Compl]) 1); qed "FreeUltrafilter_contains_cofinite_set"; (*-------------------------------------------------------------------- We prove: 1. Existence of maximal filter i.e. ultrafilter 2. Freeness property i.e ultrafilter is free Use a locale to prove various lemmas and then export main result: The Ultrafilter Theorem -------------------------------------------------------------------*) Open_locale "UFT"; Goalw [chain_def, thm "superfrechet_def", thm "frechet_def"] "!!(c :: 'a set set set). c : chain (superfrechet S) ==> Union c <= Pow S"; by (Step_tac 1); by (dtac subsetD 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("X","X")] mem_FiltersetD3 1); by (Auto_tac); qed "chain_Un_subset_Pow"; Goalw [chain_def,Filter_def,is_Filter_def, thm "superfrechet_def", thm "frechet_def"] "!!(c :: 'a set set set). c: chain (superfrechet S) \ \ ==> !x: c. {} < x"; by (blast_tac (claset() addSIs [psubsetI]) 1); qed "mem_chain_psubset_empty"; Goal "!!(c :: 'a set set set). \ \ [| c: chain (superfrechet S);\ \ c ~= {} \ \ |]\ \ ==> Union(c) ~= {}"; by (dtac mem_chain_psubset_empty 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (dtac bspec 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (auto_tac (claset() addDs [Union_upper,bspec], simpset() addsimps [psubset_def])); qed "chain_Un_not_empty"; Goalw [is_Filter_def,Filter_def,chain_def,thm "superfrechet_def"] "!!(c :: 'a set set set). \ \ c : chain (superfrechet S) \ \ ==> {} ~: Union(c)"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "Filter_empty_not_mem_Un"; Goal "c: chain (superfrechet S) \ \ ==> ALL u : Union(c). ALL v: Union(c). u Int v : Union(c)"; by (Step_tac 1); by (forw_inst_tac [("x","X"),("y","Xa")] chainD 1); by (REPEAT(assume_tac 1)); by (dtac chainD2 1); by (etac disjE 1); by (res_inst_tac [("X","Xa")] UnionI 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("A","X")] subsetD 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (dres_inst_tac [("c","Xa")] subsetD 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (res_inst_tac [("X","X")] UnionI 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (dres_inst_tac [("A","Xa")] subsetD 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (dres_inst_tac [("c","X")] subsetD 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (auto_tac (claset() addIs [mem_FiltersetD1], simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def"])); qed "Filter_Un_Int"; Goal "c: chain (superfrechet S) \ \ ==> ALL u v. u: Union(c) & \ \ (u :: 'a set) <= v & v <= S --> v: Union(c)"; by (Step_tac 1); by (dtac chainD2 1); by (dtac subsetD 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (rtac UnionI 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (auto_tac (claset() addIs [mem_FiltersetD2], simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def"])); qed "Filter_Un_subset"; Goalw [chain_def,thm "superfrechet_def"] "!!(c :: 'a set set set). \ \ [| c: chain (superfrechet S);\ \ x: c \ \ |] ==> x : Filter S"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "lemma_mem_chain_Filter"; Goalw [chain_def,thm "superfrechet_def"] "!!(c :: 'a set set set). \ \ [| c: chain (superfrechet S);\ \ x: c \ \ |] ==> frechet S <= x"; by (Blast_tac 1); qed "lemma_mem_chain_frechet_subset"; Goal "!!(c :: 'a set set set). \ \ [| c ~= {}; \ \ c : chain (superfrechet (UNIV :: 'a set))\ \ |] ==> Union c : superfrechet (UNIV)"; by (simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def",thm "frechet_def"]) 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (rtac mem_FiltersetI2 1); by (etac chain_Un_subset_Pow 1); by (rtac UnionI 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (etac (lemma_mem_chain_Filter RS mem_FiltersetD4) 1 THEN assume_tac 1); by (etac chain_Un_not_empty 1); by (etac Filter_empty_not_mem_Un 2); by (etac Filter_Un_Int 2); by (etac Filter_Un_subset 2); by (subgoal_tac "xa : frechet (UNIV)" 2); by (rtac UnionI 2 THEN assume_tac 2); by (rtac (lemma_mem_chain_frechet_subset RS subsetD) 2); by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [thm "frechet_def"])); qed "Un_chain_mem_cofinite_Filter_set"; Goal "EX U: superfrechet (UNIV). \ \ ALL G: superfrechet (UNIV). U <= G --> U = G"; by (rtac Zorn_Lemma2 1); by (cut_facts_tac [thm "not_finite_UNIV" RS cofinite_Filter] 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (res_inst_tac [("Q","c={}")] (excluded_middle RS disjE) 1); by (res_inst_tac [("x","Union c")] bexI 1 THEN Blast_tac 1); by (rtac Un_chain_mem_cofinite_Filter_set 1 THEN REPEAT(assume_tac 1)); by (res_inst_tac [("x","frechet (UNIV)")] bexI 1 THEN Blast_tac 1); by (auto_tac (claset(), simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def", thm "frechet_def"])); qed "max_cofinite_Filter_Ex"; Goal "EX U: superfrechet UNIV. (\ \ ALL G: superfrechet UNIV. U <= G --> U = G) \ \ & (ALL x: U. ~finite x)"; by (cut_facts_tac [thm "not_finite_UNIV" RS (export max_cofinite_Filter_Ex)] 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (res_inst_tac [("x","U")] bexI 1); by (auto_tac (claset(),simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def", thm "frechet_def"])); by (dres_inst_tac [("c","- x")] subsetD 1); by (Asm_simp_tac 1); by (forw_inst_tac [("A","x"),("B","- x")] mem_FiltersetD1 1); by (dtac Filter_empty_not_mem 3); by (ALLGOALS(Asm_full_simp_tac )); qed "max_cofinite_Freefilter_Ex"; (*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- There exists a free ultrafilter on any infinite set --------------------------------------------------------------------------------*) Goalw [FreeUltrafilter_def] "EX U. U: FreeUltrafilter (UNIV :: 'a set)"; by (cut_facts_tac [thm "not_finite_UNIV" RS (export max_cofinite_Freefilter_Ex)] 1); by (asm_full_simp_tac (simpset() addsimps [thm "superfrechet_def", Ultrafilter_iff, thm "frechet_def"]) 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (res_inst_tac [("x","U")] exI 1); by (Step_tac 1); by (Blast_tac 1); qed "FreeUltrafilter_ex"; val FreeUltrafilter_Ex = export FreeUltrafilter_ex; Close_locale "UFT";